One country, two systems

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One country, two systems
Sign in Xiamen reading "一国两制统一中国" (Yīguó liǎngzhì tǒngyī zhōngguó, tr. "One country, two systems unites China")
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	一国两制
Traditional Chinese	一國兩制
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yīguó liǎngzhì Bopomofo ㄧ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄌㄧㄤˇ ㄓˋ Wade–Giles I1-kuo2 liang3-chih4 Tongyong Pinyin Yi-guó liǎng-jhìh IPA [í.kwǒ ljàŋ.ʈʂɻ̩̂] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Yātgwok léuhngjai Jyutping jat1 gwok3 loeng5 zai3 IPA [jɐt̚˥ kʷɔːk̚˧ lœːŋ˩˧ tsɐi˧]
Portuguese name
Portuguese	Um país, dois sistemas[1]

History of the People's Republic of China
1949–1976
Mao era Revolution Proclamation Korean War Land Reform Movement Zhen Fan Three-anti and Five-anti Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Bandung Conference Sufan Hundred Flowers Anti-Rightist Canton Fair Two Bombs, One Satellite Great Leap Forward (Great Chinese Famine) Seven Thousand Cadres Conference Socialist Education Movement Third Front Cultural Revolution Restoring legitimate seat in the UN 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
1976–1989
Transition and Deng era Arrest of the Gang of Four Boluan Fanzheng 1978 Truth Criterion Controversy Message to Compatriots in Taiwan [zh] Reforms and Opening-up Four Special Economic Zones Establishment of China-US Relations (Three Communiques) Four Modernizations Sino-Vietnamese War Beijing Spring Strike Hard Anti-crime Campaign Sino-British Joint Declaration Campaign against spiritual pollution Bourgeois liberalization Anti-bourgeois liberalization 863 Program 1986 Chinese student demonstrations Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration Revolutions of 1989 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1989–2002
Jiang and the third generation Shanghai Stock Exchange Pudong New District Deng Xiaoping's southern tour 1992 consensus One country, two systems Hong Kong Macau 1998 China floods Embassy in Belgrade Bombed Persecution of Falun Gong China Western Development Hainan Island incident Bidding Beijing 2008 APEC China 2001 Joining WTO Forum on China–Africa Cooperation Shanghai Cooperation Organization
2002–2012
Hu and the fourth generation 2002–2004 SARS outbreak Shenzhou 5 South–North Water Transfer Project Qinghai-Tibet Railway Sichuan earthquake Beijing Olympics Shanghai 2010 Expo BRICS Three Gorges Dam West–East Gas Pipeline Chinese High-speed Railway Liaoning Aircraft Carrier
2012–present
Xi and the fifth generation Anti-corruption campaign Belt and Road Initiative Chang'e 3 China Supercomputing APEC China 2014 Celebration of 70th anniversary of victory of Anti-Japanese War [zh] 2016 G20 Hangzhou summit Xiong'an New Area BRICS summit Xiamen 2017 Xinjiang internment camps Persecution of Uyghurs in China China–United States trade war SCO Summit 2018 Qingdao [zh] China-Africa Cooperation Forum Summit Beijing 2018 [zh] China International Import Expo Chinese Space Station 2019–20 Hong Kong protests COVID-19 pandemic Hong Kong national security law 2020–2021 reform spree Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games
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"One country, two systems" (Chinese: 一国两制, Chinese: 一國兩制, Portuguese: Um país, dois sistemas) is a constitutional principle of the People's Republic of China (PRC) describing the governance of the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.

Deng Xiaoping developed the one country, two systems concept. This constitutional principle was formulated in the early 1980s during negotiations over Hong Kong between China and the United Kingdom. It provided that there would be only one China, but that these regions could retain their own economic and administrative systems, while the rest of mainland China uses the socialism with Chinese characteristics system. Under the principle, each of the two regions could continue to have its own governmental system, legal, economic and financial affairs, including trade relations with foreign countries, all of which are independent from those of the mainland. The PRC has also proposed to apply the principle in the unification it aims for with Taiwan.

However, since 2020, as a result of the passage of the National Security Law by Hong Kong on 30 June of the same year, the United States and United Kingdom condemned the Chinese government of seriously breaching the principle.^[2][3][4]